Common Inspection Topics
Here is an overview of topics we often observe during inspections in Québec. Each section ends with a link to an official source for more information.
Note: this information is general and does not replace a building inspection or the advice of a qualified professional for your situation.
Pyrite
Pyrite is a mineral found in some crushed rock used as backfill under concrete slabs, mainly in homes built in the Montréal area between the 1970s and 2000s. When exposed to moisture and air, it can oxidize and cause the backfill to swell, which may lift or crack the basement or garage slab. Possible signs include star-shaped cracks in the slab, a bulging floor or interior doors that rub. A visual inspection can identify clues, but only laboratory testing under the recognized protocol (CTQ-M200) can confirm pyrite. If in doubt, consult an engineer or a specialized laboratory.
Vermiculite (possible asbestos)
Vermiculite is a light, pebble-like mineral, golden brown or silvery, once used as loose-fill insulation in attics and walls. Some vermiculite sold before 1990, notably under the Zonolite brand, may contain asbestos. As long as it is left undisturbed and kept separate from the living space, the risk is low. It is recommended not to use the attic for storage, to seal openings into it and not to handle the material yourself. Before renovating, have a sample tested by a laboratory and hire a qualified asbestos abatement contractor for any removal.
Source: Health Canada – Asbestos and your health (vermiculite section)
Aluminum Electrical Wiring
Aluminum branch-circuit wiring was installed in some homes, mostly in the 1970s. Aluminum is not dangerous in itself, but it expands more than copper and oxidizes at connection points. With outlets, switches or connectors not designed for aluminum, connections can loosen and overheat. Compatible devices are marked CO/ALR or AL/CU. Some insurers require an assessment or repairs. If your home has aluminum wiring, have the connections checked by a licensed master electrician (CMEQ member in Québec).
Source: Insurance Bureau of Canada – Know your home’s history (aluminum wiring)
Asbestos
Asbestos was widely used in building materials until the late 1980s: floor tiles, stucco and plaster, pipe insulation, siding, shingles and some joint compounds. Materials in good condition, sealed and undisturbed pose little risk. The risk arises when fibres are released into the air, for example by drilling, sanding, cutting or demolishing. A visual inspection cannot confirm asbestos; only laboratory analysis can. Before work in an older home, have suspect materials tested and hire a qualified contractor to remove them.
Foundation Waterproofing and Drainage
A dry basement depends on two things: exterior waterproofing of the foundation walls (bituminous coating or membrane, sometimes with a dimpled drainage membrane) and the foundation drain, often called a French drain, which carries water to the storm sewer or a sump pit. Over time, a drain can clog, collapse or be blocked by roots, especially in older homes. Possible signs include white efflorescence on concrete, water stains or a damp smell. Proper lot grading and downspouts that direct water away help a lot. A camera inspection of the drain can confirm its condition.
Foundation Cracks
Most concrete foundations show fine shrinkage cracks that formed as the concrete cured. They are usually not structural but can let water in. Some cracks deserve more attention: those that widen over time, are horizontal, follow a stair-step pattern or show an offset between the two sides. In Québec, clay soils can also cause movement during dry periods. Cracks that leak can often be sealed by injection. When a crack seems to be getting worse or may affect the structure, consulting a structural engineer is recommended.
Lead and Galvanized Steel Water Supply Pipes
In buildings built before 1970, the water service line may be lead: a soft grey pipe that does not ring when tapped and does not attract a magnet. Lead can dissolve into drinking water, especially after water sits for a long time. Galvanized steel, used until about the 1960s, corrodes from the inside, reduces water pressure and can trap lead from upstream pipes. Replacement is the lasting solution. In Montréal, replacing the private portion of a lead service line is mandatory when the City schedules work. Consult a plumber to confirm the pipe material.
Source: City of Montréal – Lead in your water · Health Canada – Drinking water: what about lead?
Mould
Mould grows where there is moisture: water infiltration, plumbing leaks, condensation or poor ventilation. It is often noticed as stains, discolouration or an earthy, musty smell, especially in basements, bathrooms and attics. Health Canada recommends keeping relative humidity between 30% and 50% and fixing the source of moisture, otherwise mould will return. Small areas can usually be cleaned with soap and water. For extensive growth, or if it returns after cleaning, call a professional.
Source: Health Canada – Mould